JNVR 2016/9 - Same-sex spouses as “spouses” under the EU family reunification and citizens directives
Aflevering 2, gepubliceerd op 23-06-2016 geschreven door Titshaw, prof. ScottAlthough often overlooked, family-based migration is the most prevalent type of migration into and within the European Union (EU). EU law now governs many aspects of family-based migration in Member States, and it relies on the term “spouse” to determine many rights under the Family Reunification Directive, the Citizens Directive, and other directives (collectively, Family Migration Directives). Thus, the meaning of the term “spouse” has life-altering ramifications for migrating couples and children. But that meaning is unclear for married same-sex couples in EU Member States, which treat their relationships in dramatically different ways, ranging from legal marriage to registered partnership, to legal invalidity and constitutional opprobrium. The Family Migration Directives fail to define the term “spouse,” and the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) has not stepped in to resolve the ambiguity. Legal scholars’ views on the issue vary widely. Some scholars argue that married, same-sex couples do not qualify as “spouses,” but only as “registered partners” or “unmarried partners,” alternative categories whose immigration eligibility is generally left up to each host Member State. Others argue that same-sex spouses qualify as “spouses” generally, or at least if the marriage is recognized in their EU “home state.” Koen Lenaerts, the current President of the ECJ has opined extra-judicially that the ECJ should “proceed on a case-by-case basis” to balance the EU’s fundamental goal of free movement against any “overriding reasons of general interest” that opposing Member States can muster. This Article analyzes the Family Reunification and Citizens Directives in context and ultimately concludes that their use of the term “spouse” is best interpreted through a broadly inclusive autonomous EU definition or a state-of-formalization choice-of-law rule similar to that adopted by the Obama administration in the United States.